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Plant Operability: Improving Reliability- Volume One

The quest to improve plant operability — in terms of maximzing asset reliability and minimizing equipment downtime — is a daily challenge for facility owners and operators in the chemical process industries (CPI).
This Chemical Engineering guidebook contains a collection of tutorial-style engineering articles covering a broad array of equipment types. These articles, drawn from the pages of Chemical Engineering magazine, provide practical guidance on the selection, operation and maintenance, and troubleshooting of such workhorse equipment components as pumps, valves, burners, boilers, compressors, filtration systems and more.
The guidebook focuses on maximizing the reliability of key plant utilities such as compressed-air production, steam production and water treatment, and includes tips for successfully handling powders and bulk solids to avoid operating problems.
Several articles provide guidance for proper material selection to improve process compatibility and reduce corrosion, and discusses techniques for monitoring equipment vibration and carrying out comprehensive preventive maintenance programs. These articles were published between 2010 and 2018.
Delivered in a PDF, 232 pages.
Articles Include:
Preventing Flow Stoppages in Powder Handling Processes• Predicting powder flow behavior is important to successful solids-handling processes. Provided here is a review of shearcell testing and how the technique can be used to predict arching, ratholing and other behaviors
Effective Agitator Operation and Maintenance• Agitators play key roles in chemical processing. Their proper operation and maintenance can improve process reliability, leading to reduced downtime and costs
Get the Most Out of an Owner-Contractor Alliance• This article provides guidance for setting up a robust alliance between plant owners and EPC contractors to minimize risk and maximize synergies during complex, capital-intensive projects
PVDF: A Fluoropolymer for Chemical Challenges.• When it comes to selecting materials of construction, keep in mind the favorable properties of fluoropolymers for corrosive service
A Primer on Compressor Design • From initial conceptualization to final calculation, designing compressors requires not only engineering intuition and robust simulation tools, but also a bit of creativity
Control Engineering for Chemical Engineers• Chemical engineers who are aware of process control requirements and challenges are in a position to improve process designs
Optimizing Analysis for Spray-Drying• Precise control over spray-drying processes can be enabled by modern measurement approaches that provide information on particle size and shape in realtime
Maximizing Fan Efficiency
CPI Machinery: Commissioning, Startup and Piping• Practical notes on installation, piping, support, layout, nozzleloads, stress analysis, precommissioning, commissioning, startup and operation of rotating machinery
Optimization of a Steam Network• Proper configuration of steam-turbine drivers affects power generation in petroleum refineries
Bulk Solids: Optimizing Screw Conveyors• Despite their apparent simplicity, the complexity of these conveying systems demands proper design and an understanding of the underlying principles
Improvements in DP Level Measurement• Differential-pressure (DP) level measurements are widely used in chemical and petrochemical facilities, thanks to their reliability and ease of use. Recent advances are making them even more reliable and easy to use
Get the Most out of Vibration Analysis• By listening to the messages your components are sending, you will be better able to assess the status of your machinery and take action to address problems
The Impact of Off-BEP Pump Operation
Project Optimization Through Engineering• Follow these practical recommendations to reduce capital outlay and operating costs, deliver shorter schedules and improve design quality
Gas Turbines: Design and Operating Considerations• Follow these engineering recommendations to improve gas turbine operation and performance while reducing operating costs
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS SECURITY: The Owner-Operator’s Challenge• Addressing the cybersecurity of industrial control systems requires a collaborative response, beginning with a realistic assessment
Steam Balancing: The First Step in Steam Optimization• The ability to achieve an optimal steam balance can help to improve the overall thermal cycle efficiency of any steamproduction system
Mitigate Corrosion in Condensate-Return System• Understanding the chemistry behind corrosion in condensatereturn systems can aid in selecting and properly employing the best mitigation technique
Steel Corrosion
Rotating Machines: Digital Technologies to Enable Predictive Maintenance• Predictive maintenance for rotating machinery is gaining prominence as plant operators embrace analytics and learn how to approach their operating benchmarks
Guidelines for Designing a Compressed Air System• With the proper knowledge, engineers can work alongside compressor manufacturers to ensure that an optimal air compression system is installedDetermining Friction Factors in Turbulent Pipe Flow• Several approaches are reviewed for calculating fluid-flow friction factors in fluid mechanics problems using the Colebrook equation
Five Steps to Replacing Aged Heat-Transfer Fluid• Follow these guidelines to help ensure efficient operation of heat transfer systems, and proper exchange and disposal of aged fluids
Fired Heaters: Best Practices for the Control of Fuel Gas• Adopt these practices to ensure new project success, and to achieve safe control and reliable, efficient operation going forward
Managing Large Chemical Plant Startups• Prudent planning and scheduling during a project’s front end can lead to more expedient commissioning and startup activities
Connecting Operations Personnel to Reliability Efforts• Seven methodologies are described to help operations staff take greater ownership of asset performance
Performance Trends of Top Performers in the CPI• Focusing on a ‘reliability culture,’ mechanical availability and optimum costs leads to top performance
Precision Grouting: Setting the Foundation for Equipment Reliability• A clear understanding of grout material properties is important to ensure that equipment is effectively protected against vibration and misalignment
Activated Sludge Process
Critical Connections Demand Certainty• Understanding bolts’ behavior during routine tightening procedures helps to ensure leak-free, reliable operations
Bulk solids: Operating Direct-Contact Heat Exchangers• Such units provide advantages over heated or watercooled screws, fluidized beds and rotating drums for heating and cooling bulk solids
Industrial Insulation Systems: Material Selection Factors• To provide the desired functions while being exposed to harsh environments, insulation material should be carefully selected and specified to meet the design goals
Pneumatic Conveying: Optimal System Design, Operation and Control• Numerous strategies and options for both dilute- and densephase conveying systems are presented here
Pipe Insulation: Finding the Optimal Thickness• Avoid tedious numerical calculation by using this quick, shortcut method
Optimizing Flare Operation Through Proper Design• Flare problems are often caused by the seal systems that are designed to control air ingress. Follow these troubleshooting guidelines to improve design and ensuresafe, reliable flare operation
Industrial Adsorbents
Filtration Process Design and Optimization
Smart Water- Management Strategies: The Time is Now• Considering water-management strategies as a central component of infrastructure design at industrial facilities will unlock cost savings throughout the operation
Treating Boiler Feedwater for Reliable Operation• These key elements of internal boiler feedwater (BFW) treatment will help avoid boiler tube failures due to scale and pitting
Microbial Control in Cooling Water• Three chlorine-based strategies for controlling microbial load in industrial cooling water are evaluated here
Troubleshooting Tube-Deterioration Mechanisms in Direct-Fired Heaters• A practical step-by-step guide for reducing future tube failure

Mixing, Blending and Agglomeration: Volume 1 — Combining Liquids

Volume one of this two-part series focuses on mixing and blending liquid ingredients.
These tutorial-style articles provide proven engineering recommendations for dealing with commonly encountered mixing challenges.  There is emphasis on choosing the best type of mixer, sizing the equipment properly, and minimizing scaleup issues. Highlighted is how impeller design impacts mixer performance and the benefits that come from testing a mixing scenario before purchasing the system.
Guidance is provided for dealing with engineering challenges ranging from producing emulsions and carrying out high-shear mixing, to specifying and maintaining agitated reactors, selecting and sizing static mixers, and managing gas-liquid mixing.
All practical, how-to articles were originally published in Chemical Engineering and include several classic, hard-to-find engineering articles.
128 pages, delivered in a PDF.

Table of Contents

Facts at Your Fingertips: Gas-Liquid Mixing: Physical Considerations

Facts at Your Fingertips: Gas Sparging

Mixing Systems: Design and Scale Up – Many options are available to meet the mixing challenges confronted by the CPI. Both theoretical and empirical methods can help the engineer to fit the right system to the task

Ten Things You May Not Know About Liquid Mixing Scaleup – Close attention to these aspects of scaleup can ensure greater success

How Fluid Properties Affect Mixer & Impeller Design – One relatively new impeller design — the counterflow impeller— offers some advantages, particularly for the mixing of non-Newtonian fluids

The Unexpected Rewards of Testing a Mixer – For custom mixers and blenders, verification is only one benefit. Testing can open the door to further improvement

Mix or Match: Choose the Best Mixers Every Time

Mixer Specification a la Spreadsheet – Try this spreadsheet’s logic to simplify and speed up mixer specification

Facing the Challenge of Mixing Problem Fluids – Understanding the capabilities and limitations of different types of mixers is the key to solving difficult problems

Making Emulsions -Vacuum processors give cosmetics and pharmaceuticals the smooth treatment

Mechanical Design Aspects for High-Performance Agitated Reactors – An understanding of the mechanical design helps in specifying, maintaining and revamping agitated reactor systems

From Batch to Continuous Processing – Continuous flow reactors can provide many benefits over batch processes. This article answers why and how

CSTRs: Bound for Maximum Conversion –  Here, a design approach for continuous stirred-tank reactors is outlined for both reversible and irreversible second-order reactions

Don’t Be Baffled – How to select and size the correct static mixer

High-Shear Mixing- Don’t Fall Victim to Common Misconceptions

Viscosity: The Basics – An important concept, sometimes forgotten, is that viscosity is not a single-point measurement

Mechanical Design Aspects for High-Performance Agitated Reactors- An understanding of the mechanical design helps in specifying, maintaining and revamping agitated reactor systems

Increase Productivity Through Better Gas-Liquid Mixing- The trend towards larger reactors has increased the demand on agitator systems. Developments in gas-liquid mixing technology can help meet these demands

Millichannel Reactors: A Practical Middle Ground for Production- Reactors with millimeter-scale dimensions provide mixing, heat transfer and other advantages over devices with larger dimensions, and increased robustness compared to microdevices. Here are tips to consider for using them

Lifecycle Costs for Capital Equipment In the CPI

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For group subscription information and discount pricing, contact Sarah Garwood at [email protected].

Plant Operability: Improving Safety – Volume Two

Improved plant operability goes hand in hand with improved plant safety. This Chemical Engineering Guidebook contains a collection of tutorial-style articles aimed at ensuring safe plant operations.
Topics relate to fire prevention and the safe handling of powders and bulk solids to reduce the risk of dust explosions. There is focus on the safe handling of heat-transfer fluids to safeguard the processes they serve, and the appropriate handing of liquefied natural gas.
Tips and best practices are provided specifying rupture disks and emergency-shutdown valves, and for monitoring corrosion and equipment integrity to prevent failures. Several articles center around pipeline safety and mechanical seals, and other engineering options that are available to minimize fugitive emissions and leaks that threaten personnel, the community and the environment.
210 pages, delivered in a PDF format.
Articles Include:
A Safety-Centered Approach To Industrial Lighting• The proper design and operation of lighting is essential to ensure plant safety and support good maintenance practices
Designing Safer Process Plants• Several often-overlooked strategies to increase inherent safety are discussed here
A Safety Checklist For Laboratories• These nine best practices for managing change in laboratories can help ensure a safe workplace
Advanced Control Methods for Combustion• Advanced control techniques can raise efficiency and lower pollutant emissions in industrial combustion. The capabilities and adoption of several methods are discussed
Hot-Oil Heat-Tracing Systems
Engineering for Plant Safety• Early process-hazards analyses can lead to potential cost savings in project and plant operations
Maintaining Heat-Transfer-Fluid QualityIntegrity of Aging Assets: Using Corrosion
Data to Stave Off Extinction• Petroleum refineries built in the 1960s and 1970s have trouble dealing with the corrosive effects of modern feedstocks.
Continuous monitoring of corrosion can prevent process equipment failures
Chemical Protective Clothing
Static Electricity Discharge and Fire Prevention
Liquefied-Industrial-Gas Safety
Heat Transfer Fluid Leaks: Break the Fire Triangle• Extreme processing temperatures present the greatest risk. Know where leaks are most likely to occur and how to prevent them
Clearing the Air About Respiratory Protection• Learn the basics about selection and regulatory compliance for these potentially life-saving devices
Fire-Water Pumps for CPI Facilities• Follow this guidance to improve the selection, design and operation of pumps handling water for firefighting and related systems
Common Mistakes When Conducting a HAZOP and How to Avoid Them• An important part of ensuring the success of a HAZOP study is to understand the errors that can cause the team to lose focus
Pump Safety: Flirting with Disaster• Be vigilant about parallel pumping conditions that can lead to catastrophic failures
Eye-and-Face Personal Protective Equipment• Protecting the eyes and face in the workplace is imperative to preventing the estimated 10–20% of work-related eye injuries that result in temporary or permanent vision loss
Flare Consolidation Considerations• Consolidating multiple flares can help mitigate emissions and maintenance
Finding the Right Gloves To Fit the Application• There is a wide range of gloves available for hand protection on the job. Matching gloves to their chemical-resistance properties is one criterion for selection
Dust Control in the Chemical Processing Industries• The prevention of dust hazards in the CPI is integral to process safety management — wide reaching mitigation schemes must be implemented
Things You Need to Know Before Using an Explosion-Protection Technique • Understanding the different classification methods is necessary to better select the explosion-protection techniques that will be used
The Integral Role of Waste Management in Capital Projects • To avoid unnecessary efforts and mitigate risks, all phases throughout the design and implementation of large capital projects should incorporate comprehensive planning for waste management
Rupture Discs: Effectively Minimize Leaks and Emissions• When installing rupture discs, there are several mechanical and operational considerations for reducing the likelihood of leaks and fugitive emissions
Avoid Safety Pitfalls During Plant Expansion and Modification• Follow this guidance to minimize risk when adding or modifying plant equipment
Combining the use of Rupture Discs with Relief Valves• Using the two devices together offers significant benefits in chemical processes. Here is how to take advantage of them
Why Bad Things Happen to Good Steam Equipment • Accounting for an entire steam-trap population is crucial to avoiding safety incidents and suboptimal production — high-priority consideration must be given to steam-system management
Rotating Machinery: What You Should Know About Operational Problems• Follow this guidance to improve the operation, safety and reliability of rotating machinery in chemical process plants
Chemical Protective Clothing• ISO 16602 offers a much-needed, common global language for expressing protective clothing performance
Piping-System Leak Detection and Monitoring for the CPI• Eliminating the potential for leaks is an integral part of the design process that takes place at the very onset of facility design
Anti-surge Valves for Dynamic Compressors• Follow this guidance to improve the selection and sizing of anti-surge valves for axial and centrifugal compressors
Dust Explosions: Prevention & Protection• Understand what causes these disasters and then put these practical measures in place
Burner Inspection and Maintenance• Burners and their components can be quite complex. Establishing maintenance and inspection best practices encourages long term operational reliability
Critical Connections Demand Certainty• Understanding bolts’ behavior during routine tightening procedures helps to ensure leak-free, reliable operations
Safety in Sulfuric Acid Storage Tanks• Commonly used in the CPI, sulfuric acid requires many special precautions to ensure its safe handling and storage
Emergency Shutdown Valves: A Functional Safety Approach to Selection• The relationship between valve selection and safety certification still causes confusion. A focus on functional safety can help to elucidate
Preventing Dust Explosions• Risk management programs are critical for safe handling and processing of combustible dust as well as for OSHA regulatory compliance
The Next Step Change in Process Safety• Leveraging the convergence of operational and information technologies can aid in minimizing risk
Coupler Technologies for Secure Chemical Handling• Significant improvement in reducing fluid loss, optimizing flow paths and easing operation are among the advances in next-generation coupler technologies
Avoid Common Mistakes When Specifying Burner Management Systems• While some aspects of burner management systems may seem intuitive, overcoming misconceptions in their specification and design will help to elevate overall safety
Reduce Risk and Cost with a Lifecycle Approach to Process Safety• Better upfront planning and management can lead to safer, more productive processes throughout every phase of operation
Calculate NPSH with Confidence• Determining net positive suction head (NPSH) can be confusing, but with these guidelines, engineers can avoid the pitfalls of incorrect calculations
Heat-Transfer Fluid Selection
An Overview of Vacuum System Design• The design of vacuum systems deserves careful attention — there are multiple facets that affect efficiency, operability and cost
Selecting Laboratory Exhaust Systems• With upfront thought, exhaust systems can ensure personnel safety and improve building efficiency
Mechanical Seals Update: Pharmaceutical and Food Applications• For applications that require cleanliness, be sure your centrifugal pumps have the proper seals

Thermal Management

CHAPTERS: Chapter 1. Heat transfer and heat exchange; Chapter 2. Runaway reactions and thermal excursions; Chapter 3. Temperature measurement and control; Chapter 4. Drying, cooling and condensation, Chapter 5. Heaters and desuperheaters

CHAPTER 1. HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGE

Thermal design of the shell-and-tube
Allan Jones, Consultant

Designing and troubleshooting plate heat exchangers
Mark Sloan, Alfa Laval Thermal

A closer look at integrally finned-tube heat exchangers
Glennwood K. Pase, Sr., Joseph Oat Corp.

Constrained optimization of heat exchangers
K. Ramananda Rao, U. Shrinivasa, and J. Srinivasan, Indian Institute of Science

Debottlenecking using heat transfer enhancement
Graham Polley and Ian Gibbard, Cal Gavin, Inc., and Bruce Pretty, Veritech

Heat exchangers: Is it time for a change?
Larry Trom, Alfa Laval Thermal, Inc.

Refurbishing worn-out heat exchangers
Stanley Yokell, MGT, Inc.

Sizing up heat transfer fluids and heaters
Gerald E. Guffey II, Eastman Chemical Co.

Heat transfer in agitated vessels
Robert Dream, Lockwood Greene Engineers

Make the right choices in thermal maintenance
Henry Gaines and Steve Row, Controls Southeast

Jacket zoning in reactor scaleup
Edward Steve, Day & Zimmerman International

Aspect ratio and jacket zoning in reactor scaleup
Edward Steve, Day & Zimmerman International

Estimate batch reactor heating or cooling time
V.V. Mahajani, University of Bombay

Transfer heat in a resin sheath
Samuel R. Wharry, Jr., Haveg Div., Ametek

Put fouling in its place
Graham T. Polley, Pinchtechnology.com

Fouling, viscosity, and the heat transfer coefficient
Alejandro Anaya Durand, Mexican Petroleum Institute

CHAPTER 2. RUNAWAY REACTIONS AND THERMAL EXCURSIONS

Safe scaleup of exothermic reactions
Jasbir Singh, Hazard Evaluation Laboratories, Inc.

Avoiding runaway reactions
Bob Venugopal, Chilworth Technology

Accommodating potential reactions
Edward Steve, CDI Engineering Group

Exothermic reactors: The stable, the unstable and the uncontrollable
F. Greg Shinskey, Process Control Consultant

Prevent thermal runaways in carbon beds
Thomas Hofelich, Marabeth LaBarge, and Denise Drott, Dow Chemical Co.

CHAPTER 3. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL

Calculate accelerated temperature changes in vessels
Edward Steve, CDI Engineering Group, Inc.

Tempering loops for temperature control
Stephen Winter, Consultant, and Jimmy Peress, Tritech Consulting Engineers

Two circuits are better than one
Edward Steve, CDI Engineering Group

More-precise temperature measurements
Clifford Lewis, Accutech

Hands-off temperature measurement: IR thermometry finds CPI niches
Alan Young, Raytek Corp.

A low-signal selector can prevent equipment meltdown
Mukund Joshi and Mikhail Budanitsky, American Hydrotherm Corp.

Electric heat tracing — A better design path
Mitchell Todd, Nelson Heat Tracing Systems, and Robert Ragno, Kvaerner Process

Steam tracing keeps fluid flowing
Joseph Radle, Spirax Sarco, Inc.

Understanding impedance heating
Fred S. Epstein and Gary L. White, Indeeco

CHAPTER 4. DRYING, COOLING AND CONDENSATION

Direct vs. indirect drying: Optimizing the process
Greg Kimball, Hosokawa Bepex

The ins and outs of indirect drying
Georgios Raouzeos, List AG

Process calculations for partial-recycle dryers
Edward M. Cook, Energy Saving Consultants

Troubleshooting the convection-conveyor dryer
Paul McKeithan, Aeroglide Corp.

Optimizing drying performance through better control (1)
Béla Lipták, Lipták Associates P.C.

Optimizing dryer performance through better control (2)
Béla Lipták, Lipták Associates P.C.

Vacuum and microwaves dry granulated products
Barry Fox, L.B. Bohle

Gravity effects in horizontal condensers
Alejandro Anaya Durand, Cynthia A. Aguilar Guerrero, Edgar Amaro Ronces, National Autonomous University of Mexico

Optimizing process vacuum condensers
James R. Lines and David W. Tice, Graham Manufacturing Co.

Select flow directions in laminar-flow coolers
Alejandro Anaya Durand and Mauricio Marquez Lucero, National Autonomous University of Mexico

Design basics for cooling systems
Sajjad Ahmed and John Bayers, Bechtel Corp.

Improving cooling towers
James L. Willa, Willa, Inc.

Quenching hot exhaust — A key aspect of pollution control
Wayne Buckley and Boris Altshuler, Croll-Reynolds Co.

CHAPTER 5. HEATERS AND DESUPERHEATERS

Get the most from your fired heater
Ashutosh Garg, Furnace Improvements

Choosing a fired heater
Butch Magee and Jeffrey Adams, Uniflux/Exotherm Corp.

Get the most out of your electric process heater
Craig Tiras, Texas Systems and Controls, Inc.

Desuperheater selection and optimization
Kristin Donohue, Graham Corp.

CHAPTER 6. RELATED TOPICS

Protect against rotating equipment loss: Steam turbines
Edward E. Clark, The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co.

Efficiently generate steam from cogeneration plants
V. Ganapathy, ABCO Industries

The challenge of low-temperature sealing
Robert Keller, Parker Hannifin Corp.

Help workers cope with heat stress
John O’Grade, American Management Systems

Pristine Processing

CHAPTERS: Chapter 1. High-purity equipment; Chapter 2. High-purity facility and system design; Chapter 3. Clean-in-place and Steam-in-place considerations; Chapter 4. Ultrapure water, specialty gases and chemicals; Chapter 5. Management strategies

CHAPTER 1. HIGH-PURITY EQUIPMENT

What makes a pump for high-purity fluids?
Bruce Smith, Fristam Pumps

A pump for high-value products
Thomas Heng, KSB Aktiengesellschaft

Validate cleaning with a CIP valve
Karin Koller, Bioengineering AG

Selecting clean valves
Mike Schmidt, Emerson Process Management

Designing clean delivery systems for process sampling
Michael Valentine, Swagelok Co.

High-purity reactors: A material matter
Bernard Jenson, Edlon-PSI

High-purity synthesis in an area-based reaction vessel
John Cihonski, Kreido Laboratories

Specifying glass lined equipment
Robert Naidel, Jeffrey Naidel, EngQuip Technologies Group, Gianni Artusi, Tycoon Technoglass SpA

Controlling heat transfer in glass-lined reactors
Mukund G. Joshi, American Hydrotherm

Milking more from homogenizers
William Pandolfe, APV

Vacuum and microwaves dry granulated products
Barry Fox, L.B. Bohle, Inc.

Sanitary feeders minimize product contamination
Patrick Keegan and Fred Willis, K-Tron America, Inc.

Putting crossflow filtration to the test
Joseph Duffy, Roche Pharmaceuticals

Put a centrifugal spin on solvent extraction
D. Greg Cybulski and Robert Driscoll, Rousselet-Robatel Centrifugation

High-tech seals meet high-purity demands
Dale Ashby, Parker Hannifin Corp.

Process intensification: Think small
Rocky C. Costello, R.C. Costello & Associates

Using ultrapure plastic tubing
James Fleming and David Kemkes, Entegris, Inc.

Giving every hose an identity
John Stover and Michael Tangreti, Advantapure/New Age Industries

Metering high-purity fluids
Dan Gear and Tom O’Banion, MicroMotion

Contact level measurement in sanitary processes
Adrian Totten, MTS Sensors Corp.

Customizing chromatography
Derek Pendlebury, Pall Bio-Pharmaceuticals

Rouge detection & control
Daryl Roll, Astro Pak Corp ., John Kilkeary, PM Consultants

CHAPTER 2. HIGH-PURITY FACILITY DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE

Facility design with containment chemistry in mind
Mark Griffiths, Solutia, Inc.

Pristine processing: Designing sanitary systems
Brian Wulf, George Fischer, Inc.

Global standards for cleanroom design and construction
Editorial Staff, Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology; and Richard Matthews, Filtration Technology

Protecting cleanroom personnel & products
David Pallister, Extract Containment Systems

Budgeting for cleanroom spaces
Thomas Hansz, Facility Planning & Resources, Inc.

Humidity control: Preventing moisture contamination
Ken Soleyn, General Eastern

Sizing up pharmaceutical pilot plants
David Ainsworth, Foster Wheeler Energy, and Gerald Cerulli, Foster Wheeler USA Corp.

Robust viral clearance
Jerold Martin, Pall Corp .

Exercising foam control
Schaum, Bioengineering AG

CHAPTER 3. CLEAN-IN-PLACE and STEAM-IN-PLACE CONSIDERATIONS

The secret’s out: Clean in place
Jesse C.Stewart and Dale A. Seiberling, Seiberling Associates, Inc.

Mastering the ABCs of CIP
Paul Hallman, Kinetics Modular Systems

Making the case for clean-in-place
Gerald Cerulli, Foster Wheeler USA , and John Franks, Electrol Specialities Co.

Options for automated tank cleaning
Christine Pagcatipunan, Spraying Systems Co.

CHAPTER 4. ULTRAPURE WATER, SPECIALTY GASES AND CHEMICALS

Total organic carbon: A critical measure of ultrapure water
Carl Craig, Sievers Instruments

Ultrapure water makeup
Alan Sharpe, Lance Chiaverini and Tsuyoshi Ito, Mitsubishi Chemical America

Getting electronic chemicals to the point of use
Stephen Yellin, Lockwood Greene , Doug Hodge, SemiChase Systems , Matt Hearon, Solvay Interox

Special delivery: Ultrapure liquefied gas
Rick Udischas, Mindi Xu and Joe Paganessi, Air Liquide

Electronic chemicals: Parts-per-trillion pure
Tom Talasek, General Chemical Corp.

Contain & control emissions of ultrapure gases
Gerald Dornblaser, Bob Phillips and D. Bruce Wilson, BOC Edwards

CHAPTER 7. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Making the case for third-party inspections
Stephen Joy and Mike Mohlenkamp, Swagelok Co.

Mastering Six Sigma for the life sciences
Stephen Pulsifer, GE Fanuc

Procuring equipment, racing the clock
Sean Eicher, New Brunswick Scientific, and Henri Blachere, Consultant

Pumps Selection, Maintenance and Safety — Volume 1

Selecting “the right pump for the job” is an essential and complex undertaking throughout all chemical process industries (CPI) applications. This Chemical Engineering Guidebook covers a range of essential topics associated with proper pump selection, operation and maintenance.

Several articles focus on sizing, installing and troubleshooting pumps, including details on vacuum pumps, diaphragm pumps, magnetically driven pumps and others. Others discuss variable-frequency drives, and process safety considerations to ensure safe operation and avert catastrophic failure over the lifecycle of the pump systems.

Included are specific recommendations to carry out pump maintenance and proper lubrication and include tips for overcoming the challenges associated with high-shear mixing, engineering considerations for piping system design, strategies for optimal process plant layout, lifecycle-cost calculations and more.

Delivered in a PDF format, 136 pages.

Articles Include:

Cooling Towers: Estimate Evaporation Loss and Makeup Water Requirements

Applying mass and energy balance calculations yields critical operating insight

Vacuum Pumps

Chemical Process Plants: Plan for Revamps

Follow this guidance to make the most of engineering upgrades that are designed to improve plant operations or boost throughput capacity

Pump Safety: Flirting with Disaster

Be vigilant about parallel pumping conditions that can lead to catastrophic failures

Process Plant Layout — Becoming a Lost Art?

Plant layout is as important a part of process plant design as it ever was, but it is rarely taught as part of chemical engineering courses

Recommended Fluid Velocities in Pipelines

The recommended velocities for fluids’ transportation must be updated periodically to obtain the optimum value of the pipe diameter in the current economic conditions

Pump Sizing Parameters

Lubricating Rotating Machinery

Follow this guidance to improve lubricant selection, process operation and asset reliability

Use Simplified Lifecycle-Cost Computations to Justify Upgrades

The methodologies presented here can be used to set goals, and will enable performance comparisons among different plants or industry segments

The Impact of Off-BEP Pump Operation

High-Shear Mixing

Cost Engineering: Equipment Purchase Costs

A methodology and examples for estimating equipment costs are presented

Avoid Safety Pitfalls During Plant Expansion and Modification

Follow this guidance to minimize risk when adding or modifying plant equipment

Vortex Breakers in Practice

When vortex formation limits outflow from a tank, consider a disc-type vortex breaker

Optimizing Pressure Relief Systems

Alternative designs for pressure relief systems may offer investment cost savings

The Unrecognized Problems of Relocating Laboratories

Follow the guidance provided here to avoid many of the problems that can arise during the relocation of laboratory facilities

Variable Frequency Drives for Centrifugal Pumps

A method to estimate the economics of using variable frequency drives

Commissioning and Startup: Increase Certainty Through Advanced Planning

Taking commissioning and startup into consideration during the early design phase can result in more predictable project schedules and more robust equipment designs

Making Pump Maintenance Mandatory

Transfer pumps must be kept in optimum shape to handle harsh chemical processing operations

Piping Codes: What the CPI Engineer Should Know

An overview of the codes and standards that are most pertinent to chemical processing facilities

Reduce Risk and Cost with a Lifecycle Approach to Process Safety

Better upfront planning and management can lead to safer, more productive processes throughout every phase of operation

Improving the Operability of Process Plants

Turndown and rangeability have a big impact on the flexibility and efficiency of chemical process operations

Magnetically Coupled Pumps: Structure, Function and Best Practice

Understanding pump internals, especially the various sealing and coupling arrangements, is a critical step in selecting the optimal pump

AODD Pumps in Chemical Processes

Advancements in efficiency and the ability to handle a wide array of chemicals combine to make the air-operated double-diaphragm (AODD) pump a useful choice for chemical processor

An Overview of Vacuum System Design

The design of vacuum systems deserves careful attention — there are multiple facets that affect efficiency, operability and cost

Magnetically Driven Pumps: An overview

• Understanding sealless pump technologies and their potential applications

Optimal Pump Management

This Chemical Engineering guidebook contains dozens of practical, how-to engineering articles. The detailed engineering content featured in this volume provides guidance for the selection of many types of commonly used pumps, including positive-displacement pumps, centrifugal pumps, reciprocating pumps, vacuum pumps, sealless magnetic-drive pumps, low-flow pumps, peristaltic pumps and more.
Additional engineering articles include tips for implementing variable-frequency drives, sizing pumps, and evaluating sealing options.
This PDF guidebook provides practical, actionable recommendations for proper selection, installation, operation and troubleshooting, with an eye toward minimizing maintenance costs and unexpected downtime while ensuring optimum pump performance.
Available in a PDF format, 161 pages.
Aritcles and topics include:

Principles of P&ID Development: The tips provided here will streamline efforts to develop piping & instrumentation diagrams

Facts at Your Fingertips: Positive Displacement Pumps

Facts at Your Fingertips: Measurement Guide for Replacement Seals

Facts at Your Fingertips: Tubing for Peristaltic Dosing Pumps 

Facts at Your Fingertips: Flow Profile for Reciprocating Pumps

Facts at Your Fingertips: Construction- Cost Indices

Facts at Your Fingertips: Vacuum Pumps

Optimizing Reciprocating Compressors for CPI Plants: Follow this guidance to improve the design, performance and reliability of these widely used machines

Gear Units in CPI Plants: Follow this guidance to improve the selection and operation of gear units in CPI plants

Fire-Water Pumps for CPI Facilities: Follow this guidance to improve the selection, design and operation of pumps handling water for firefighting and related systems 

Chemical Process Plants: Plan for Revamps: Follow this guidance to make the most of engineering upgrades that are designed to improve plant operations or boost throughput capacity

Variable frequency drives: An Algorithm for Selecting Vfds for Centrifugal Pumps: Using this simple algorithm on a personal computer, engineers can evaluate competing scenarios to identify the most cost-effective and energy-efficient pump system design

Sizing, Specifying and Selecting Centrifugal Pumps: Use these tips to determine preliminary pump sizing, to support cost-estimation efforts

Lubricating Rotating Machinery: Follow this guidance to improve lubricant selection, process operation and asset reliability

Use Simplified Lifecycle-Cost Computations to Justify Upgrades: The methodologies presented here can be used to set goals, and will enable performance comparisons among different plants or industry segments

Remote Thermal Sensing: By making it easy to detect heat anomalies, thermal cameras and infrared thermometers support preventive and predictive maintenance

Pressurized Piping: Sampling Steam and Water: Without proper systems, analysis of steam and water chemistry can provide erroneous results — with costly implications

Plot Plan Design: Process Requirements: It is important to conceptualize plant layout in terms of both ideal location and optimal geographical positioning of equipment components

Facts at Your Fingertips: The Impact of Off-BEP Pump Operation

Lifecycle Costs for Capital Equipment In the CPI: Long-term equipment costs need to be fully considered in capital-cost assessments

A Primer on Reverse Osmosis Technology: Desalination by reverse osmosis is a key technology for a water-constrained world. Discussed here is its use in industrial water treatment and drinking-water production

Materials Selection In The CPI: An overview of the many factors to be considered when selecting materials of construction

Rotating Machinery: What You Should Know About Operational Problems: Follow this guidance to improve the operation, safety and reliability of rotating machinery in chemical process plants

Condition Monitoring for Rotating Machinery: This valuable insight into the performance of pumps and compressors will help improve operation

Inline Viscosity Measurements: Process viscometers can help keep process control and product quality in check

Piping-System Leak Detection and Monitoring for the CPI: Eliminating the potential for leaks is an integral part of the design process that takes place at the very onset of facility design

Oil-Mist Systems: This primer discusses the pros and cons of open- versus closed-loop designs for lubricating pump and motor bearings

Making Pump Maintenance Mandatory: Transfer pumps must be kept in optimum shape to handle harsh chemical processing operations

Improving the Operability of Process Plants: Turndown and rangeability have a big impact on the flexibility and efficiency of chemical process operations

Facts at Your Fingertips: Variable Frequency Drives

Calculate NPSH with Confidence: Determining net positive suction head (NPSH) can be confusing, but with these guidelines, engineers can avoid the pitfalls of incorrect calculations

The Benefits of Seal-less Pumps for Full Product ContainmentIn cases where full containment of dangerous and hazardous chemicals is necessary, seal-less pumps can provide many safety and operational benefits

Condition Monitoring Methods for Pumps: Applying condition monitoring tests to pumps can save costs by optimizing overhaul scheduling

Magnetically Driven Pumps: An overview: Understanding sealless pump technologies and their potential applications

Mechanical Seals Update: Pharmaceutical and Food Applications: For applications that require cleanliness, be sure your centrifugal pumps have the proper seals

Improving Operability & Reliability Volume 2: Management Systems

The key to ensuring optimal plant reliability in chemical process industries (CPI) facilities is to have proper management strategies in place, to ensure safe, appropriate day-to-day activities.
This Guidebook shares a wealth of engineering recommendations and best practices to ensure that plant-wide and process-specific systems operate reliably and trouble-free. Content in this volume focuses on winning maintenance strategies, reducing fire and explosion risk, addressing cybersecurity challenges and optimizing sealing systems.
Several engineering articles provide guidance on designing strong, user-friendly control systems and selecting proper instrumentation for measuring pressure, temperature and level.
Delivered in a PDF format, 213 pages.
Articles Include:
Static Electricity Discharge and Fire Prevention
Chemical Protective Clothing
Chemical Lifecycle ManagementSustainability demands a higher level of oversight that seeks new ways to effectively and cost efficiently procure, handle and dispose of, or recycle materials
Extremely Low-Temperature SystemsUnderstanding the nuances of low-temperature engineering is key to safe and efficient operations
New Measurement Practices for Cold ClimatesSelecting the right pressure, temperature, flow and level meters and connection systems can help to eliminate the need for heated enclosures and sensing lines
Control Engineering for Chemical EngineersChemical engineers who are aware of process control requirements and challenges are in a position to improve process designs
Cooling Towers: Estimate Evaporation Loss and Makeup Water RequirementsApplying mass and energy balance calculations yields critical operating insight
CPI Machinery: Commissioning, Startup and PipingPractical notes on installation, piping, support, layout, nozzle-loads, stress analysis, precommissioning, commissioning, startup and operation of rotating machinery
Flare Consolidation ConsiderationsConsolidating multiple flares can help mitigate emissions and maintenance
The Relationship Between Materials Selection and Machining ProcessesAn awareness of the impact of materials selection on the machining processes for small, complex components can affect overall end-product quality and costs
Computerized Maintenance Management Systems For Effective Plant PerformanceCorralling gigabytes of predictive maintenance data isn’t easy, but it’s essential for streamlining your process
Get the Most out of Vibration AnalysisBy listening to the messages your components are sending, you will be better able to assess the status of your machinery and take action to address problems
Remote Thermal SensingBy making it easy to detect heat anomalies, thermal cameras and infrared thermometers support preventive and predictive maintenance
Controlling Acoustic CouplingFurnace pulsation is a problem caused by the coupling between heat release from a burner and acoustic waves of the hosting heater. Enhancing natural damping of the heater is a practical and attractive solution
Project Optimization Through EngineeringFollow these practical recommendations to reduce capital outlay and operating costs, deliver shorter schedules and improve design quality
The Integral Role of Waste Management in Capital ProjectsTo avoid unnecessary efforts and mitigate risks, all phases throughout the design and implementation of large capital projects should incorporate comprehensive planning for waste management
Dynamic Modeling for Steam System ControlDynamic modeling fills in the gaps of steady-state modeling and provides a more complete, reliable and efficient analysis
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS SECURITY: The Owner-Operator’s ChallengeAddressing the cybersecurity of industrial control systems requires a collaborative response, beginning with a realistic assessment
Materials Selection In The CPIAn overview of the many factors to be considered when selecting materials of construction
Advances in Process Temperature Measurement: Trends and TechnologiesProcess temperature measurement is a constantly evolving field, and new technologies have allowed for more reliable measurements to be realized in many applications
Measuring Exposures to Aerosols and DustAccurate measurements of exposures to aerosols and dusts by plant personnel can be tricky. Here is some help for determining exposures and addressing uncertainties
Rapid Prediction of Prandtl Number of Compressed AirTwo methods are presented and compared for quickly calculating this important, yet neglected parameter
Determining Friction Factors in Turbulent Pipe FlowSeveral approaches are reviewed for calculating fluid-flow friction factors in fluid mechanics problems using the Colebrook equation
Optimal Cooling Systems For Coastal PlantsWhen all economic and environmental factors are considered, a cooling tower may be the best option
A Method for Quantifying Pipe VibrationsA technique to quantify vibration forces can help prevent pipe failures due to vibration-induced fatigue
Fired Heaters: Best Practices for the Control of Fuel GasAdopt these practices to ensure new project success, and to achieve safe control and reliable, efficient operation going forward
Managing Large Chemical Plant StartupsPrudent planning and scheduling during a project’s front end can lead to more expedient commissioning and startup activities
Connecting Operations Personnel to Reliability EffortsSeven methodologies are described to help operations staff take greater ownership of asset performance
Implementing an ‘Integrity Operating Window’ ProgramAn effective Integrity Operating Window (IOW) program — which establishes safe operating limits and acceptable limits of process variation before an asset begins to degrade — can help operators stay ahead of potential repairs and reduce risk
Rethinking Maintenance: Transitioning to a Proactive ApproachDeploying well-timed audits and properly training employees are among the steps companies can take to realize maintenance strategies that are proactive rather than reactive
Condition-Based Maintenance Management Enhances ReliabilityUnderstand reliability, condition monitoring and maintenance management to keep rotating equipment in top form
Burner Inspection and MaintenanceBurners and their components can be quite complex. Establishing maintenance and inspection best practices encourages longterm operational reliability
Critical Connections Demand CertaintyUnderstanding bolts’ behavior during routine tightening procedures helps to ensure leak-free, reliable operations
Optimizing Flare Operation Through Proper DesignFlare problems are often caused by the seal systems that are designed to control air ingress. Follow these troubleshooting guidelines to improve design and ensure safe, reliable flare operation
Improving the Operability of Process PlantsTurndown and rangeability have a big impact on the flexibility and efficiency of chemical process operations
Calculate NPSH with ConfidenceDetermining net positive suction head (NPSH) can be confusing, but with these guidelines, engineers can avoid the pitfalls of incorrect calculations
Tolerable RiskWhile determined risk is generally well understood, tolerable risk can be the missing link to complete risk assessments
Applying CPI Temperature SensorsDon’t fall back on outdated rules of thumb that may no longer be valid, or ‘plug and play’ solutions that may not be applicable
Specifying Elastomer Seals for Plastic PipingCareful attention to elastomer properties and variation by manufacturer can help optimize specification

Process Scaleup: Volume 1 – Management Strategies

Scaleup is an essential part of many chemical process operations, and efforts must take into account a variety of engineering, safety and economic considerations. The articles presented in this PDF guidebook focus on specific management strategies that must be undertaken to ensure the most successful scaleup effort.

Here you will find emphasis on the requirements that must be considered when moving promising small-scale chemical reactions and other laboratory developments to full-scale commercial operations. Additional articles focus on overcoming the challenges associated with moving batch operations to continuous operations , a common transition during scaleup efforts.

There is additional coverage on concepts related to managing contractors and sub-contractors, exploiting economies of scale, taking steps to identify and avoid common project-failure modes, carrying out target costing and lifecycle analyses, estimating project costs (including utilities) and more.

These practical, how-to articles were originally published in Chemical Engineering.

Delivered in a PDF format, 77 pages.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

How to Estimate Utility Costs
Utility estimates are often complicated because they depend on both inflation and energy costs. This simplified approach offers a two-factor utility cost equation and the relevant coefficients for a number of utilities
 
Target Costing
Compliant facilities, delivered at the lowest possible cost, minimize the risk of failure and maximize the return on investment
 
Making Sense of Your Project Cost Estimate
Using different estimation levels, determined throughout the engineering phase of a project, can save time and avoid surprises when it comes time to bid
 
Avoiding Project Failures
Recognize these key project-failure modes, so that corrective action can be taken
 
Project Success Builds On a Well-Defined Scope
Having a clear understanding of what will be included and what will not is fundamental to a project’s success. Time taken to develop a good scope is time well spent
 
Accelerating Process and Product Development
These simple strategies can be used to speed up and increase the success rates of R&D projects
 
Capital And Production Costs: Improving the Bottom Line
Decisions made in early phases of a project affect production costs for years to come. The disciplined method described here taps into potential savings
 
Lifecycle Costs for Capital Equipment In the CPI
Longterm equipment costs need to be fully considered in capital-cost assessments
 
From Concept to Commercial Production
These four steps of process development are typically necessary to effectively scale a concept into full production
 
A Bit of Extra Lab Effort Can Prevent Grief During Scaleup
The key is persuading the chemist to undertake a little extra data collection
 
Troublefree Reaction Scaleup
A chemical-reaction step is usually at the heart of the flowsheet for a new process-industries product. Taking that reaction from the laboratory to the plant is far from simple or straightforward
 
Why Big Always Wins: Examining Economies of Scale
Origami teaches one of the fundamental tenets of chemical engineering
 
Making the Leap from R&D to Manufacturing
Crafting the right information-management strategy is essential to scaling up promising discoveries
 
From Batch to Continuous Processing
Continuous flow reactors can provide many benefits over batch processes. This article answers why and how

CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 99th Edition

Reference book. 1,532 pages, Published June, 2018.
Features
• NEW EDITION of the most respected scientific reference in the world

•Presents an accurate, reliable, and up-to-date resource

•Contains new as well as updated and expanded tables

•Offers a broad range of current and critically evaluated data in a single volume
Summary
In a world with access to unlimited amounts of data, how can users who need to make critical scientific and technical decisions find high quality, reliable data? Today, more than ever, the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics remains a hallmark of quality. For over 100 years, the Handbook has provided property data on chemical compounds (now over 20,000) and all physical particles that have been reported in the literature, carefully reviewed by subject experts. Every year older collections are updated with the latest values and new areas will be added as science progresses.

Table of Contents:

1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: Standard Atomic Weights

Atomic Masses and Abundances

Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State

International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)

International System of Units (SI)

Units for Magnetic Properties

Conversion Factors for Energy Units

Descriptive Terms for Solubility

Conversion Factors for Pressure Units

Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units

Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units

Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems

2: Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities

Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements

Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds

Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry

Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

Thermodynamic Functions and Relations

Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics

3: Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds

4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds

The Elements

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

Physical Properties of the Rare-Earth Metals

Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Points of the Elements

Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25 °C

Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements — Equations

Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements — Data

Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts

Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds

Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids

Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals

Crystallographic Data on Minerals

5: Thermochemistry, Kinetics, Electrochemistry, and Solution Chemistry

CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Ions

Heat of Combustion

Energy Content of Fuels

Chemical Reaction Rate Constants for Atmospheric Studies

Ionization Constant of Water

Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water

Electrical Conductivity of Water

Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions

Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Cells

Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI

Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution

Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution

Electrochemical Series

Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts

Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration

Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids

Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes

pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions

Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25 °C

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions

Solubility of Selected Gases in Water

Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures

Octanol–Water Partition Coefficients

Solubility Product Constants of Inorganic Salts

Solubility of Common Salts at Ambient Temperatures

Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater

Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water

Solubility Chart for Inorganic Salts

6: Fluid Properties

Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam

Vapor Pressure and Other Saturation Properties of Water

Standard Density of Water

Fixed-Point Properties of H2O and D2O

Properties of Saturated Liquid D2O

Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water

Vapor Pressure of Ice

Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies

Thermophysical Properties of Air

Thermophysical Properties of Fluids

Thermophysical Properties of Selected Fluids at Saturation

Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases

Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases

Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points

Critical Constants of Organic Compounds

Critical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

Sublimation Pressure of Solids

Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures below 300 K

Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions

Enthalpy of Vaporization

Enthalpy of Fusion

Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients of Liquids

Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Liquid Density

Properties of Cryogenic Fluids

Properties of Liquid Helium

Properties of Refrigerants

Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates

Ionic Liquids

Surface Tension of Common Liquids

Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures

Surface Active Chemicals (Surfactants)

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

Viscosity of Gases

Viscosity of Liquids

Thermal Conductivity of Gases

Thermal Conductivity of Liquids

Diffusion in Gases

Diffusion of Gases in Water

Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution

7: Biochemistry

Properties of Amino Acids

Structures of Common Amino Acids

Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases

The Genetic Code

Properties of Fatty Acids and Their Methyl Esters

Composition and Properties of Common Oils and Fats

Carbohydrate Names and Symbols

Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants

Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

Apparent Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Protein-Ligand Binding Reactions

Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water

Biological Buffers

Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods

Properties and Functions of Common Drugs

Chemical Constituents of Human Blood

Chemical Composition of the Human Body

8: Analytical Chemistry

Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Analytical Chemistry

Basic Instrumental Techniques of Analytical Chemistry

Analytical Standardization and Calibration

Figures of Merit

Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units

Detection of Outliers in Measurements

Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography

Common Symbols Used in Gas and Liquid Chromatographic Schematic Diagrams

Stationary Phases for Porous-Layer Open Tubular Columns

Coolants for Cryotrapping

Properties of Common Cross-Linked Silicone Stationary Phases

Detectors for Gas Chromatography

Varieties of Hyphenated Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry

Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices

Eluotropic Values of Solvents on Octadecylsilane and Octylsilane

Instability of HPLC Solvents

Detectors for Liquid Chromatography

Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry

Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities

Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts

Common Spurious Infrared Absorption Bands

Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy

Properties of Important NMR Nuclei

Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families

Proton NMR Correlation Chart for Major Organic Functional Groups

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Liquids

Proton Chemical Shifts of Contaminants in Deuterated Solvents

13C-NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups

13C-NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Organic Solvents

15N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families

Natural Abundance of Important Isotopes

Common Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of Organic Compound Families

Common Mass Spectral Fragments Lost

Major Reference Masses in the Spectrum of Heptacosafluorotributylamine (Perfluorotributylamine)

Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Liquids

Common Spurious Signals Observed in Mass Spectrometers

Chlorine–Bromine Combination Isotope Intensities in Mass Spectral Patterns

Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacuo

Standards for Laboratory Weights

Indicators for Acids and Bases

Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents

Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Ions

9: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules

Atomic Radii of the Elements

Dipole Moments

Hindered Internal Rotation

Bond Dissociation Energies

Electronegativity

Force Constants for Bond Stretching

Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules

10: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics

Line Spectra of the Elements

Persistent Lines of the Neutral Atomic Elements

Atomic Transition Probabilities

Electron Affinities

Proton Affinities

Polarizabilities of Atoms and Molecules Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules

Attenuation Coefficients for High-Energy Electromagnetic Radiation

Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation

Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths

Blackbody Radiation

Characteristics of Infrared Detectors

Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals

Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses

Index of Refraction of Water

Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes

Index of Refraction of Air

Index of Refraction of Gases

11: Nuclear and Particle Physics

Summary Tables of Particle Properties

Table of the Isotopes

Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties

Cosmic Radiation

12: Properties of Solids

Techniques for Materials Characterization

Symmetry of Crystals

Ionic Radii in Crystals

Polarizabilities of Atoms and Ions in Solids

Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements

Phase Transitions in the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure

The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals

Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys

Electrical Resistivity of Graphite Materials

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids

Curie Temperature of Selected Ferroelectric Crystals

Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals

Dielectric Constants of Glasses

Properties of Superconductors

High-Temperature Superconductors

Organic Superconductors

Properties of Semiconductors

Selected Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions

Properties of Organic Semiconductors

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors

Properties of Magnetic Materials

Organic Magnets

Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths

Electron Stopping Powers

Electron Work Function of the Elements

Secondary Electron Emission

Optical Properties of Selected Elements

Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids

Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants

Nonlinear Optical Constants

Properties of Selected Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures

Heat Capacity of Selected Solids

Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals

Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature

Thermal Conductivity of Alloys as a Function of Temperature

Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics

Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials

Thermal Conductivity of Glasses

Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors

Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals

13: Polymer Properties

Abbreviations Used in Polymer Science and Technology

Physical Properties of Selected Polymers

Nomenclature for Organic Polymers

Solvents for Common Polymers

Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers

Dielectric Constant of Selected Polymers

Pressure–Volume–Temperature Relationships for Polymer Melts

Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions

Solubility Parameters of Selected Polymers

14: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics

Astronomical Constants

Properties of the Solar System

Satellites of the Planets

Interstellar Molecules

Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth

Geological Time Scale

Acceleration Due to Gravity

Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth

Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude

Properties of Seawater

Abundance of Elements in the Earth’s Crust and in the Sea

Solar Irradiance at the Earth

U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976)

Geographical and Seasonal Variations in Solar Radiation

Major World Earthquakes

Infrared Absorption by the Earth’s Atmosphere

Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1959–2017

Global Temperature Trend, 1880–2017

Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases

Speed of Sound in Various Media

Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Air as a Function of Humidity and Frequency

Speed of Sound in Dry Air

15: Practical Laboratory Data

Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables

Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale

Relative Sensitivity of Bayard-Alpert Ionization Gauges to Various Gases

Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents

Miscibility of Organic Solvents

Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature

Dependence of Boiling Point on Pressure

Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation

Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression

Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution

Correction of Barometer Readings to 0 °C Temperature

Determination of Relative Humidity from Dew Point

Determination of Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures

Constant Humidity Solutions

Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration

Low-Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature

Metals and Alloys with Low-Melting Temperature

Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids

Density of Various Solids

Density of Sulfuric Acid

Density of Ethanol–Water Mixtures

Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials

Coefficient of Friction

16: Health and Safety Information

Abbreviations Used in the Assessment and Presentation of Laboratory Hazards

Incompatible Chemicals

Explosion (Shock) Hazards

Water-Reactive Chemicals

Testing Requirements for Peroxidizable Compounds

Tests for the Presence of Peroxides

Pyrophoric Compounds – Compounds That Are Reactive with Air

Flammability Hazards of Common Solvents

Selection of Laboratory Gloves

Selection of Protective Laboratory Garments

Selection of Respirator Cartridges and Filters

Materials Compatible with and Resistant to 72% Perchloric Acid

Protective Clothing Levels

Chemical Fume Hoods and Biological Safety Cabinets

Gas Cylinder Safety and Stamped Markings

Flammability of Chemical Substances

Nanomaterial Safety Guidelines

Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants

Laser Hazards in the Laboratory

General Characteristics of Ionizing Radiation for the Purpose of Practical Application of Radiation Protection

Radiation Safety Units

Relative Dose Ranges from Ionizing Radiation

Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides

Chemical Carcinogens

Appendix A: Sources of Physical and Chemical Data

Index