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Environmental Management: Wastewater and Groundwater Treatment

CHAPTERS: Chapter 1.Treatment technologies; Chapter 2. Managing odor and emissions; Chapter 3. Groundwater and soil remediation, Chapter 4. Pipeline issues; Chapter 5. Emissions monitoring; Chapter 6. Data and calculations; Chapter 7. Safety issues; Chapter 8. Treating inlet or process water; Chapter 9. Related topics

CHAPTER 1. TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Combination therapy tackles wastewater toxins
Manfred Morper, Linde AG

Treating wastewater: Combine membranes with mechanical vapor recompression
Raynald Labrecque and Normand Bedard, Institut de Recherche d’Hydro-Quebec

High-shear membrane separation for process & wastewater treatment
Brett Elias and Jabez Van Cleef, Komline-Sanderson

For water treatment, consider high-pH reverse osmosis
Khaled Moftah, Consultant

Improving wastewater pH control
Anthony Sobkowicz, Engineering Resource, Inc.

Bioaugmentation: Put microbes to work
Christopher M. Huban, BetzDearborn, Inc., and Robert D. Plowman, Sybron Chemicals, Inc.

Oxygen-based options for purifying wastewater
Joachim Hertramf, Messer Group , Abdol Hossein Shadiakhy, Wedeco Ozontecknik

Aerobic versus anaerobic wastewater treatment
Dwight Robinson, James White, Alan Callier, Burns & McDonnell Engineering Co.

Treating industrial wastewater: Anaerobic digestion comes of age
Robbert Kleerebezem, Technical University of Delft, and Herve Macarie, Institute de Recherche pour le Developpement

Put the breaks onwastewater emulsions
George Alther, Biomin, Inc.

Scaleup of agitated thin-film agitators
William B. Glover, LCI Corp.

CHAPTER 2. MANAGING ODOR AND EMISSIONS

Controlling VOC emissions during wastewater treatment – Part 1
William Beck, Trinity Consultants , Michael Henry and Victor Edwards, Kvaerner Engineering and Constructors

VOC-control options during wastewater treatment – Part 2
Victor Edwards, Kvaerner Engineers & Constructors

For wastewater odors, dilution may be the best solution
Paul Tetley, Strobic Air Corp.

Odor prevention and control in process plants
Terry Robbins and Roy Manley, BetzDearborn

Exploring VOC control options
Jeffrey H. Siegell, Exxon Research and Engineering Co.

Abating halogenated VOCs
Robert Keller and James Dyer, DuPont Co.

Controlling H2S emissions
Gary Nagl, U.S. Filter Corp.

Removing H2S from gas streams
Gary Nagl, USFilter Gas Technology Products

Selecting the solvent for SO2 removal by absorption
Soumitro Nagpal and P.K. Sen, Engineers India Ltd.

Taking stock of activated carbon’s many talents
Stephanie Carr and Robert Vaughn, Calgon Carbon

Prevent thermal runaways in carbon beds
Thomas Hofelich, Marabeth LaBarge and Denise Drott, Dow Chemical Co.

CHAPTER 3. GROUNDWATER AND SOIL REMEDIATION

Groundwater cleanup options
Diane S. Roote, Ralinda R. Miller, Jeffrey A. Sacre, and A. Thomas Merski, Groundwater Remediation Technologies Analysis Center

Tackling tough groundwater contaminants
Doug Beal and Harlan Faircloth, BEM Systems, Inc.

Coping with groundwater contamination
Mark Maimone, Camp Dresser & McKee

Surfactants tackle surface pollutants
Laura Yeh, Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Dick Jackson, Duke Engineering & Services

Contain contaminated groundwater
Robert D. Mutch, Jr., Robert E. Ash IV, Jeffrey R. Caputi, Eckenfelder, Inc.

Stripping organics from groundwater and wastewater
Bruce Lamarre and Don Shearhouse, North East Environmental Products, Inc.

Use air sparging and vapor extraction to remediate subsurface organics
M.C. Marley and E.X. Droste, Envirogen, Inc., H.H. Hopkins, American Petroleum Institute, C.J. Bruell, University of Massachusetts

Control fouling in groundwater pump-and-treat systems
John Dilzell, BetzDearborn Water Management Group

Minimize scale formation during groundwater treatment
Robert DeGiorgio, Lawler, Matusky and Skelley Engineers LLP

Soil contamination: Dealing with petroleum spills
Sofia Stokman, Consultant, and Brian J. Sogorka, N.J. Dept. of Environmental Protection

A geochemical way to keep metals at bay
Jim V. Rouse, Maureen C. Leahy and Richard A. Brown, Fluor Daniel GTI

Design tips for precipitating metals
Richard Rast, Talisman Partners, Ltd.

Remediating organic-laden soils: Do your homework before breaking ground
Thomas McGowan, TMTS Associates, Inc.

Using chemical screening during site remediation
Lawrence Kahrs, Lewis Horzempa, David Peterson, Foster Wheeler Environmental Corp.

CHAPTER 4. PIPELINE ISSUES

Working the kinks out of piping design
Fred Bandel and Jeff Lawson, ProcessPlus

Approximating equations for pipe sizing
B.B. Gulyani, University of Roorkee

Select the optimum pipe size
Ronald W. Capps, Gulf Coast Consulting Group

Updated rules for pipe sizing
Alejandro Anaya Durand, Jorge Arroyo Boy, Joaquin Lastra Corral, Luis Ojeda Berra, Jose Suarez Trueba, Petro Villalon Brena, UNAM

Pipe design for robust systems
Michael Bussler, Algor, Inc. , and Tony Paulin, Paulin Research Group

Correlate pressure drops through fittings – Part 1
Ron Darby, Texas A&M Univ.

Correlate pressure drops through fittings – Part 2
Ron Darby, Texas A&M Univ.

Save pipes from bursting with a compensator
Jack Boteler, Flowguard USA , and David Clucas, Flowguard Ltd.

The use of certified KR for rupture disks
Jeff Scoville, Oseco

Calculate pipeline flow of compressible fluids
T.W. Cochran, BASF Corp.

Keeping pipelines safe from harm
Brian Payne, EDM Services

Improving pipeline safety
Brian Payne, EDM Services

Selecting secondary containment piping
Anthony Palozzolo, Perma-Pipe, Inc.

Picking the best thermoplastic lining
Gary Dennis, Elf Atochem North America, Inc.

The case for flangeless plastic-lined pipe
John M. Kalnins, Dow Chemical Co. , and Nancy L. Lindley, Unistrut Corp.

Keep piping insulation dry
Brent Cottingham, Refrigeration Concepts

CHAPTER 4. EMISSIONS MONITORING

Survey your options: Continuous emissions monitoring
John R. White, KVB/Analect

How to choose emission monitors
Robert Bucher, DuPont

Protect workers and the environment: Choosing fixed-point gas sensors
Alan Austin, General Monitors

For effective gas detection, location counts
Jay J. Jablonski, HSB Professional Loss Control

Comparing catalytic vs. infrared gas monitors
Alan Austin, General Monitors

CHAPTER 5. DATA AND CALCULATIONS

Estimating the lower explosive limits of waste vapors
Harold L. Shelton, Con-Serve, Inc.

Estimating hazard distances from accidental releases
Ajay Kumar, The Sapphire Group

Estimate emissions from atmospheric releases of hazardous substances
Ajay Kumar, EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc.

Quick estimates for hazardous-gas releases
Ajay Kumar, Sandi Wiedenbaum and Michael Woodman, EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc.

Solubility and Henry’s Law constants for amines in water
Carl Yaws, Jack Hopper and Sunil Mishra, Lamar University

Solubility & Henry’s Law constants for sulfur compounds in water
Carl Yaws, Praveen Bajaj and Harman Singh, Lamar University, Ralph Pike, Louisiana State Univ.

CHAPTER 6. SAFETY ISSUES

Extremely hazardous substances’ — A focus on safer operations
George Kinsley, Environmental Resources Management

Coping with hazardous leaks and spills
Merrill Bishop, TransEnvironmental Systems

Preparing employees for spill response
Karen Hamel, New Pig Corp.

Reusing chemical-cartridge respirators
Craig Colton, 3M

Suiting up for safety in hazardous workplaces
James Zeigler, Thomas Neal and Norman Henry, DuPont

CHAPTER 7. TREATING INLET OR PROCESS WATER

Up-to-date tools for water-system optimization
Y.A. Liu and Bruce Lucas, Virginia Polytechnic Inst., and James Mann, Dow Chemical Co .

Use pretreatment to improve process-water treatment
Val Frenkel, GE Water Technologies

Process water treatment: Navigating the options
Steve Siverns, Christine Wilson, Jan d’Ailly, GE Glegg Water Technologies

Make your process water pay for itself
Vikas R. Dhole, Nand Ramchandani, Richard A. Tainsh, and Marek Wasilewski, Linnhoff March Ltd.

CHAPTER 8. RELATED TOPICS

Pollution prevention: Don’t neglect it
Virangkumar N. Lad, S.V. Regional College of Eng. And Tech.

Pollution prevention by design
Paul Crumpler, Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources

Troublefree water management with outsourcing
James Hearne, USFilter

Consider outsourcing to reduce costs
John Sudnick and William Falls, Peregrine Energy Corp.

Avoid process engineering mistakes
Ian Duguid, Consultant

Boosting environmental performance…reducing regulatory noncompliance
Charles Gillard, C.F. Gillard Assoc., Bob Wood, Verticore Technologies

Resolving environmental disputes without litigation
Steven Koyasako, California Environmental Protection Agency, Dept. of Toxic Substances Control

Get the most from environmental audits
Anne Marie McManus, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.

The Heat Transfer Engineering Data Book III

Enhanced heat transfer design methods of tubular heat exchangers
660 pages with numerous tables and pictures. Delivered as a PDF.
The Heat Transfer Databook III – Enhanced heat transfer design methods of tubular heat exchangers -has been written primarily with heat transfer engineers in mind but also research engineers who want to get caught up on the latest advances in heat transfer design methods for tubular heat exchangers. The objectives of the book are to present a limited review of the basic principles of heat transfer and then describe what the editor considers to be the best thermal design methods available. Hence, each chapter presents a detailed state-of-the-art review of heat transfer and fluid flow research of practical interest to heat exchanger designers, manufacturers and end users.
View a preview of the book here: http://www.wieland-thermalsolutions.de/databook3/
Chapters Include:
CHAPTER 1 – VIDEO GALLERY OF FLOW PHENOMENA
CHAPTER 2 – DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENHANCED HEAT EXCHANGERS
CHAPTER 3 – SINGLE-PHASE SHELL-SIDE FLOWS AND HEAT TRANSFER
CHAPTER 4 – ENHANCED SINGLE-PHASE LAMINAR TUBE-SIDE FLOWS AND HEAT
TRANSFER
CHAPTER 5 – ENHANCED SINGLE-PHASE TURBULENT TUBE-SIDE FLOWS AND HEAT
TRANSFER
CHAPTER 6 – HEAT TRANSFER TO AIR-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGERS
CHAPTER 7 – CONDENSATION ON EXTERNAL SURFACES
CHAPTER 8 – CONDENSATION INSIDE TUBES
CHAPTER 9 – BOILING HEAT TRANSFER ON EXTERNAL SURFACES
CHAPTER 10 – BOILING HEAT TRANSFER INSIDE PLAIN TUBES
CHAPTER 11 – BOILING HEAT TRANSFER INSIDE ENHANCED TUBES
CHAPTER 12 – TWO-PHASE FLOW PATTERNS
CHAPTER 13 – TWO-PHASE PRESSURE DROPS
CHAPTER 14 – FALLING FILM EVAPORATION
CHAPTER 15 – THERMODYNAMICS OF REFRIGERANT MIXTURES AND REFRIGERANT-OIL
MIXTURES
CHAPTER 16 – EFFECTS OF OIL ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
CHAPTER 17 – VOID FRACTIONS IN TWO-PHASE FLOWS
CHAPTER 18 – POST DRYOUT HEAT TRANSFER
CHAPTER 19 – FLOW BOILING AND TWO-PHASE FLOW OF CO2
CHAPTER 20 – TWO-PHASE FLOW AND FLOW BOILING IN MICROCHANNELS
CHAPTER 21 – CONDENSATION IN MICROCHANNELS
 
Please contact Sarah Garwood at [email protected] for student or group pricing.

Special Report: Digitalization in the Chemical Process Industries

More and more, companies are talking about “going digital.” This includes concepts of interconnectivity described by the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and Industry 4.0 that are enabled by advances in sensors, data analytics, computing networks, software and other technologies.
This special report contains recent news articles (2017) from Chemical Engineering magazine that give a timely and informative overview of digitalization as well as a number of articles (2016) on related cybersecurity issues.
Delivered in a PDF format, 37 pages.
Articles Include:
The Digital Transformation in the CPIAn overview of how the chemical process industries are looking to the IIoT to help form new business models in a competitive environment
Refineries Explore IIoT Tools to Maximize ProfitsNew IIoT- and cloud-enabled digital tools and services give petroleum refiners new avenues to increase profitability and safety, but also require greater attention to cybersecurity
A New Mentality in Process ModelingPredictive process models enable more efficient operations and higher-value products
The Future of Safety Sensors is Here NowWearable sensors enhance CPI worker safety and help close the approaching skills gap
Cybersecurity: You Cannot Secure What You Cannot SeeFollow this guidance to understand today’s cybersecurity risk landscape and take the necessary steps to create a sound industrial control system cybersecurity program, including the development of a comprehensive, in-depth cyber-asset inventory
Cybersecurity Defense for Industrial Process-Control SystemsSecurity techniques widely used in information technology (IT) require special considerations to be useful in operational settings. Here are several that should get closer attention
Plant Functional Safety Requires IT SecurityCybersecurity is critical for plant safety. Principles developed for plant safety can be applied to the security of IT systems

Reactors and Reaction Engineering: Volume 2 – Scaleup and Safety

Reactors are an essential part of many chemical process operations. Proper scaleup of reactors and reaction systems is a key aspect of process engineering, and implementing state-of-the-art safety elements is essential to safeguard plant personnel, the facility and the environment, especially for systems involving exothermic reactions.
The articles in this guidebook provide a wealth of tutorial-style engineering information related to process scaleup, conversion of batch processes to continuous operation, and strategies for maximizing safety during reaction engineering. Safety elements including improved design strategies, the strategic use of safety-related instrumentation and more are also found here.
This volume also include contains Technology Profile articles that outline competing chemical processes and reaction systems, used to produce key petrochemicals such as olefins (propylene and ethylene), polypropylene and more.62 pages, delivered in a PDF format.Table of Contents:

A Checklist for Safer Chemical Batch Reactions: A good understanding of the reaction chemistry is needed for a safe process design

Designing Safer Process Plants: Several often-overlooked strategies to increase inherent safety are discussed here

Methanol-to-Propylene Technology

Facts at Your Fingertips: Causes of Overpressurization

Green Engineering And the Design of Chemical Processes and Products: Follow these principles and guidelines to design your process plant to be ‘greener’

The Role of Chemical Engineers in Green Engineering- Part 2: What we can do to support its goals

Coal Gasification For Chemicals: Numerous cost and processing challenges surround coal gasification, but the technology is becoming more prevalent in petroleum-poor areas

Accelerating Process and Product Development: These simple strategies can be used to speed up and increase the success rates of R&D projects

Propylene Production via Propane Dehydrogenation

Design Safety Instrumented Systems with Relevant Data: Laboratory-based data can be too optimistic; some data from the field are too pessimistic. Here is how to deal with that dilemma

From Concept to Commercial Production: These four steps of process development are typically necessary to effectively scale a concept into full production

Ethylene Production via Ethanol Dehydration

Methanol-to-Olefins Process

Sensing Change In Batch Reactors: A new method for controlling temperature and monitoring processes can improve the economic performance of batch reactors

Industrial Electrochemistry — Safe, Clean, Green: Electrochemistry has come a long way since this magazine was called Electrochemical Industry. The technology presented here demonstrates the state-of-the art

Polypropylene Production via Gas-Phase Process

From Batch to Continuous Processing: Continuous flow reactors can provide many benefits over batch processes. This article answers why and how

Polypropylene Bulk- Phase Process

Avoiding Runaway Reactions: Risk analysis is an important tool for thermal safety

Runaway Reactions: Ignore the Chemistry at Your Peril: Proper hazards testing is key to insuring chemical process safety

The Role of Chemical Engineers in Green Engineering: What we can do to support its goals

Safe Scaleup of Exothermic Reactions 

FOR YOUR EYES ONLY: Please do not forward the PDF file. It’s against the law to copy, fax, or electronically transmit the newsletter without our permission. For questions please email [email protected].
For group subscription information and discount pricing, contact Sarah Garwood at [email protected] or 301-354-1705.

Piping Systems- Sizing, Safety and Engineering Design: Volume One

Volume 1 of this 2-part guidebook contains practical, how-to engineering articles that were originally published in Chemical Engineering, and useful engineering tip sheets.
The collection of articles provides detailed engineering discussions and recommendations related to the basics of piping design, component selection and proper sizing. Several articles share best practices related to proper operation and maintenance of piping components and systems, and tips for cost estimation related to piping systems.
Find emphasis on safety-related aspects of piping design, minimizing hazards related to leakage, corrosion, vibration and more, as well as the challenges associated with piping systems needed to safeguard the integrity of high-purity chemicals and products and hazardous substances.
This guidebook is available in PDF format of 227 pages.
Articles Include:
Characterize Bulk Solids to Ensure Smooth Flow• To minimize problems associated with handling all types of bulk solids, engineers must adopt a systematic approach to characterizing the flow and mechanical properties of the materials under a variety of operating conditions
Designing Safer Process Plants• Several often-overlooked strategies to increase inherent safety are discussed here
Principles of P&ID Development• The tips provided here will streamline efforts to develop piping & instrumentation diagrams
Hot-oil heat-tracing systems Particle Impact Problems in Pneumatic Conveying• Pneumatically conveyed solid materials inevitably impact pipewalls and other particles, which can create processing and equipment problems. Provided here is an outline of potential problems related to particle impacts and the physics behind them
Pipe Sizing
Pipe Bends in Dilute-phase Pneumatic Conveying
High Purity Chemicals: Processing Equipment Essentials• Some practical tips regarding the design and fabrication of piping systems and equipment for high-purity applications are presented here
Improve Your Contingency Estimates for More Realistic Project Budgets• Reliable risk-analysis and contingency-estimation practices help to better manage costs in CPI projects of all sizes
Common Mistakes When Conducting a HAZOP and How to Avoid Them• An important part of ensuring the success of a HAZOP study is to understand the errors that can cause the team to lose focus
Process Plant Layout — Becoming a Lost Art?• Plant layout is as important a part of process plant design as it ever was, but it is rarely taught as part of chemical engineering courses
Inspecting Underground Piping• First consider noninvasive methods to determine where excavation is — and isn’t — necessary
Flow Measurement in Large Lines, Ducts and Stacks
Active Management of Pipespool Fabricators• Contractors need to integrate and engage to improve deliveries and shorten project schedules
Updating the Rules For Pipe Sizing• The most economical velocity in piping has shifted downward over the last 40 years
Pressurized Piping: Sampling Steam and Water• Without proper systems, analysis of steam and water chemistry can provide erroneous results — with costly implications
Plot Plan Design: Process Requirements  • It is important to conceptualize plant layout in terms of both ideal location and optimal geographical positioning of equipment components
Process Hazards Analysis Methods
New Piping Code for High-Purity Processes• It is essential that industry codes, standards and regulations keep up with evolving technology and changing demands of the chemical process industries
Rupture Discs: Effectively Minimize Leaks and Emissions• When installing rupture discs, there are several mechanical and operational considerations for reducing the likelihood of leaks and fugitive emissions
Piping Design for Hazardous Fluid Service• Extra considerations and precautions are needed beyond the requirements of codes and standards
Reduce Gas Entrainment In Liquid Lines• Follow these tips to properly size self-venting lines and vortex breakers
Combining the use of Rupture Discs with Relief Valves• Using the two devices together offers significant benefits in chemical processes. Here is how to take advantage of them
Modern Rupture Discs Support Increased Plant Capacity• The use of today’s high-performance rupture disc designs can help to reduce many common operating problems and support increased throughput requirements
Field Troubleshooting 101 and How to Get the Job Done• A major part of field work lies in troubleshooting problems: finding out why a system is not operating the way it is intended. This article provides guidelines for effectivetroubleshooting and contains many practical examples of their successful use
Short-Cut Piping Costs• This method saves precious time in preparing estimates for pre-design and other approximated analyses
A Method for Quantifying Pipe Vibrations• A technique to quantify vibration forces can help prevent pipe failures due to vibration-induced fatigue
Piping-System Leak Detection and Monitoring for the CPI• Eliminating the potential for leaks is an integral part of the design process that takes place at the very onset of facility design
Insulating Heat-Transfer-Fluid Piping
Integrated Risk-Management Matrices• An overview of the tools available to reliability professionals for making their organization the best-in-class
De-emphasize Capital Costs For Pipe Size Selection• Focus more on mass flowrates, fluid densities and operating hours for real savings
Piping Design for Potentially Lethal Chemicals• Integrity and reliability are critical for piping and equipment that handle chemicals with extreme health hazards
Critical Connections Demand Certainty• Understanding bolts’ behavior during routine tightening procedures helps to ensure leak-free, reliable operations
Considering Fugitive Emissions During the Conceptual Design Stage• The ability to reduce fugitive emissions through the use of strategic design modifications not only protects workers and the environment, but reduces losses of valuable process materials
Forces Acting on a Gasket
Pneumatic Conveying: Optimal System Design,Operation and Control• Numerous strategies and options for both dilute- and densephase conveying systems are presented here
Pipe Insulation: Finding the Optimal Thickness• Avoid tedious numerical calculation by using this quick, shortcut method
Piping Codes: What the CPI Engineer Should Know• An overview of the codes and standards that are most pertinent to chemical processing facilities
An Overview of Vacuum System Design• The design of vacuum systems deserves careful attention — there are multiple facets that affect efficiency, operability and cost
Spill Containment: An Often-Overlooked Hazard in Research• With proper planning, spills can be managed properly and the risk of secondary events — which may be more dangerous and costly — can be reduced

Physical and Energy Water Treatment Procedures

This publication stresses the value of using corresponding systems in the industry with positive, clear results and documented examples. It provides objectivity concerning this very controversial discussion, as the technologies are still inherent of stigma and the lack of precise scientific evidence.

This is also a unique experience from other industries, including exactly quantifiable business benefits in the framework of the maintenance costs. A much needed market adjustment has taken place; the reputable suppliers could continue to develop their systems, or together with scientific research institutions could also provide proof of effect used.

The chemical-free methods described in this book are, in many cases, a genuine alternative to conventional methods of water treatment. These alternative methods are usually also capable to treat very large quantities of water and often without any consequential costs for the operators of the plant. Especially interesting, concerning some of the procedures, is the evidence referring to coverings of silicates, aluminates, phosphates, gypsum and their reduction. Additionally, often other technically usable effects are demonstrated.

The technical handbook is a comprehensive representation of the different physical chemical water treatment methods, as well as the listed references demonstrating their industrial applicability and encouraging their use.

Delivered in a PDF format, 180 pages.

Contents

 1) Basic research on the effectiveness

Introrductional  remarks (Ende)

Scaling on Heat Transfer Surfaces– Chemical versus nonchemical control (MacAdam/Parsons)

2) Power-free permanent magnetic procedure

Literature (a Synopsis) (Zeppenfeld)

Inhibition of CaCO3  scaling  by zinc (II) and copper (II) (Zeppenfeld)

A comparative review

Magnetic treatment of process water (Wolfs)

Magnetic Water Treatment Device(Kobe/Drazic/Strazisar/Cefalas)

The Influence of impurity Elements and Magnetic Fields on the Crystallisation form of Calcium Carbonate

Magnetic Water Treatment Technology(Brannagan)

3) Power tied to physical processes with inductive or capacitive couplin

Water treatment systems for the industry (Brandt)

 

Water Treatment by the use of Electronically Generated Induced Fields(de BaatDoelman)

for the Prevention and Elimination of Scale in Industrial Process Systems and Hard Water Applications

 

4) External power-free, galvanic procedure with sacrificial anodes

Galvanic water treatment/Sacrificial anode technology in maintenance (Flettner)

 

5) Magnetic and electrolytic processes

Introrductional  remarks (Ende)

Cato cool – Effective Protection against Corrosion, Fouling and Bacteria

In Cooling Tower Applications (Gulgager)

 

6) Energetical Water Treatment

Introductional  remarks to the energetic water treatment (Ende)

Reduction and Prevention of water-related problems in heat exchangers,

Pipes and equipment (Dworschak)

7.) Other procedures

7.1)   Introrductional  remarks

Introductional remarks (Müller-Steinhagen)

 

7.2) Membrane Processes 

The still unknown treatment procedures (Kügler)

Degassing and rest the desalination of boiler feed water using membrane degassing

And electrode ionization

Innovative treatment of cooling water circuits using reverse osmosis technology (Kügler)

 

7.3)   Physical, non-thermal hygienization processes

Biocide-free, non-thermal Preservation of Surfaces in Water leading Systems (Körner/Koppe/Lausch)

Scale protection on the basis of Biomineralisation (Walder/Leiter)

 

7.4)   Other alternative procedures

Trend setting Nano-crystal Technology in the field of alternative lime protection procedures (Aehlig)

Chemical-free environmentally friendly Cutting Edge Technology (Reiche)

 

Appendix

Authors Index

Managing Vapor and Particulate Emissions Guidebook

This guidebook contains practical, how-to engineering articles that were originally published in Chemical Engineering. Included are useful engineering tip sheets from Chemical Engineering’s “Facts at Your Fingertips.”
The collection of tutorial-style engineering articles in this volume cover a wide array of topics related to monitoring and managing vapor and particulate emissions during chemical process operations. You will be provided with tips for reducing or eliminating fugitive emissions from tanks, pipes and process equipment. The guidebook also focuses on the proper operation and management of burners, combustion units and flares to minimize their environmental impact.
Several articles share best practices for reducing the risk of dust explosions — a risk that is ever-present in bulk-solids-processing operations handling fine powders, as well as providing related safety tips to reduce hazards associated with vapor emissions.
As an extra feature, this guidebook also includes several articles related to managing modernizing plant revamps and capital-intensive projects.
This guidebook is available in PDF format, 127 pages.
Articles contain:
Advanced Control Methods for Combustion
Advanced control techniques can raise efficiency and lower pollutant emissions in industrialcombustion. The capabilities and adoption of several methods are discussed
Facts at Your Fingertips: Dust Hazards
Fact at Your Fingertips: Gas Hazard Definitions and Data
Facts at Your Fingertips: Activated Carbon
Fact at Your Fingertips: Wet Scrubbers
Engineering for Plant SafetyEarly process-hazards analyses can lead to potential cost savings in project and plant operations
Common Mistakes When Conducting a HAZOP and How to Avoid ThemAn important part of ensuring the success of a HAZOP study is to understand the errors that can cause the team to lose focus
Chemical Process Plants: Plan for Revamps
Follow this guidance to make the most of engineering upgrades that are designed to improve plant operations or boost throughput capacity
Flare Consolidation ConsiderationsConsolidating multiple flares can help mitigate emissions and maintenance
Controlling SO2 Without Corroding the Bottom LineMist eliminators in wet scrubbers comprise a large portion of system operating costs. Consider these material selection and replacement criteria to curb chronic maintenance requirements
Dust Control in the Chemical Processing IndustriesThe prevention of dust hazards in the CPI is integral to process-safety management — widereaching mitigation schemes must be implemented
Project Optimization Through EngineeringFollow these practical recommendations to reduce capital outlay and operating costs, deliver shorter schedules and improve design quality
Things You Need to Know Before Using an Explosion-Protection TechniqueUnderstanding the different classification methods is necessary to better select the explosionprotection techniques that will be used
Measuring Exposures to Aerosols and DustAccurate measurements of exposures to aerosols and dusts by plant personnel can be tricky. Here is some help for determining exposures and addressing uncertainties
Global Air-Pollution Regulations: Variation is the NormOperators with facilities in many countries need to focus on the requirements of each
Post-Combustion Carbon Capture TechnologiesSeveral CCS processes hold much promise, and there are challenges yet to be met
Prevent Combustible Dust Explosions with N2 InertingTargeted use of blanketing with inert gas offers an effective strategy for preventing combustible dust explosions in CPI facilities
Piping-System Leak Detection and Monitoring for the CPIEliminating the potential for leaks is an integral part of the design process that takes place at the very onset of facility design
Flare-Gas Recovery Methods for Olefin PlantsAdding flare-gas recovery units at strategic locations of an olefin plant can not only reduces emissions, but will save money as well
Dust Explosions: Prevention & ProtectionUnderstand what causes these disasters and then put these practical measures in place
Burner Inspection and Maintenance
Burners and their components can be quite complex. Establishing maintenance and inspection best practices encourages long term operational reliability
An Overview of FiltrationUnderstanding how different filtration methods work leads to a more informed decision when selecting a filtration system
Optimizing Flare Operation Through Proper DesignFlare problems are often caused by the seal systems that are designed to control air ingress. Follow these troubleshooting guidelines to improve design and ensure safe, reliable flare operation
Facts at Your Fingertips: Industrial Adsorbents
Emissions Regulations and ControlHarnessing new technologies for best practices in pollution control could lead to a more ideal framework of policies and programs

Diffusion and Mass Transfer

A proper understanding of diffusion and mass transfer theory is critical for obtaining correct solutions to many transport problems. Diffusion and Mass Transfer presents a comprehensive summary of the theoretical aspects of diffusion and mass transfer and applies that theory to obtain detailed solutions for a large number of important problems. Particular attention is paid to various aspects of polymer behavior, including polymer diffusion, sorption in polymers, and volumetric behavior of polymer–solvent systems.

The book first covers the five elements necessary to formulate and solve mass transfer problems, that is, conservation laws and field equations, boundary conditions, constitutive equations, parameters in constitutive equations, and mathematical methods that can be used to solve the partial differential equations commonly encountered in mass transfer problems. Jump balances, Green’s function solution methods, and the free-volume theory for the prediction of self-diffusion coefficients for polymer–solvent systems are among the topics covered. The authors then use those elements to analyze a wide variety of mass transfer problems, including bubble dissolution, polymer sorption and desorption, dispersion, impurity migration in plastic containers, and utilization of polymers in drug delivery. The text offers detailed solutions, along with some theoretical aspects, for numerous processes including viscoelastic diffusion, moving boundary problems, diffusion and reaction, membrane transport, wave behavior, sedimentation, drying of polymer films, and chromatography.

Presenting diffusion and mass transfer for the engineering perspective, this book can be used as a text for reference and for research in diffusion and mass transfer. The book includes mass transfer effects in polymers, which are very important in many industrial processes. The attention given to the proper setup of numerous problems along with the explanations and use of mathematical solution methods will help readers in properly analyzing mass transfer problems.

Features:

Provides a comprehensive summary of the theoretical aspects of diffusion and mass transfer
Analyzes a wide variety of mass transfer problems
Explains and shows the use of solution methods such as Green’s functions, perturbation methods, and similarity transformations
Considers various aspects of polymer behavior, including polymer diffusion, sorption in polymers, and volumetric behavior of polymer–solvent systems
Discusses the free-volume theory for the prediction of self-diffusion coefficients for polymer–solvent systems

644 Pages – 100 B/W Illustrations. Published in 2012

 

Table of Contents

Introduction
Generalized Transport Phenomena Approach to Problem Analysis
General Content

Conservation Laws and Field Equations
Concentrations, Velocities, and Fluxes
Thermodynamics of Purely Viscous Fluid Mixtures
Conservation of Mass for a One-Component System
Conservation of Mass for a Mixture
Modification of Field Equations for Mass Transfer
Conservation of Linear Momentum for One-Component Systems
Conservation of Linear Momentum for a Mixture
Conservation of Moment of Momentum for One-Component Systems
Conservation of Moment of Momentum for a Mixture
Strategies for the Solution of Mass Transfer Problems

Boundary Conditions
Definitions
Jump Balances for Mass Conservation
Jump Balances for Linear Momentum Conservation
Postulated Boundary Conditions at Phase Interfaces
Boundary Conditions in the Absence of Mass Transfer
Utilization of Jump Balances
Additional Comments on Boundary Conditions
Boundary Conditions and Uniqueness of Solutions

Constitutive Equations
Constitutive Principles
First-Order Theory for Binary Systems
Combined Field and Constitutive Equations for First-Order Binary Theory
First-Order Theory for Ternary Systems
Special Second-Order Theory for Binary Systems
Viscoelastic Effects in Flow and Diffusion
Validity of Constitutive Equations

Parameters in Constitutive Equations
General Approach in Parameter Determination
Diffusion in Polymer–Solvent Mixtures
Diffusion in Infinitely Dilute Polymer Solutions
Diffusion in Dilute Polymer Solutions
Diffusion in Concentrated Polymer Solutions – Free-Volume Theory for Self-Diffusion
Diffusion in Concentrated Polymer Solutions – Mutual Diffusion Process
Diffusion in Crosslinked Polymers
Additional Properties of Diffusion Coefficients

Special Behaviors of Polymer–Penetrant Systems
Volumetric Behavior of Polymer–Penetrant Systems
Sorption Behavior of Polymer–Penetrant Systems
Antiplasticization
Nonequilibrium at Polymer–Penetrant Interfaces

Mathematical Apparatus
Basic Definitions
Classification of Second-Order Partial Differential Equations
Specification of Boundary Conditions
Sturm–Liouville Theory
Series and Integral Representations of Functions
Solution Methods for Partial Differential Equations
Separation of Variables Method
Separation of Variables Solutions
Integral Transforms
Similarity Transformations
Green’s Functions for Ordinary Differential Equations
Green’s Functions for Elliptic Equations
Green’s Functions for Parabolic Equations
Perturbation Solutions
Weighted Residual Method

Solution Strategy for Mass Transfer Problems
Proposed Solution Methods
Induced Convection

Solutions of a General Set of Mass Transfer Problems
Mixing of Two Ideal Gases
Steady Evaporation of a Liquid in a Tube
Unsteady-State Evaporation
Analysis of Free Diffusion Experiments
Dissolution of a Rubbery Polymer
Bubble Growth from Zero Initial Size
Stability Behavior and Negative Concentrations in Ternary Systems
Analysis of Impurity Migration in Plastic Containers
Efficiency of Green’s Function Solution Method
Mass Transfer in Tube Flow
Time-Dependent Interfacial Resistance
Laminar Liquid Jet Diffusion Analysis
Analysis of the Diaphragm Cell
Dissolved Organic Carbon Removal from Marine Aquariums
Unsteady Diffusion in a Block Copolymer
Drying of Solvent-Coated Polymer Films
Flow and Diffusion Past a Flat Plate with Solid Dissolution
Gas Absorption in Vertical Laminar Liquid Jet
Utilization of Polymers in Drug Delivery
Gas Absorption and Diffusion into a Falling Liquid Film

Perturbation Solutions of Mass Transfer Moving Boundary Problems
Dissolution of a Plane Surface of a Pure Gas Phase
Bubble Dissolution
Singular Perturbations in Moving Boundary Problems
Dropping Mercury Electrode
Sorption in Thin Films
Numerical Analysis of Mass Transfer Moving Boundary Problems

Diffusion and Reaction
Design of a Tubular Polymerization Reactor
Transport Effects in Low-Pressure CVD Reactors
Solution of Reaction Problems with First-Order Reactions
Plug Flow Reactors with Variable Mass Density
Bubble Dissolution and Chemical Reaction
Danckwerts Boundary Conditions for Chemical Reactors

Transport in Nonporous Membranes
Assumptions Used in the Theory for Membrane Transport
Steady Mass Transport in Binary Membranes
Steady Mass Transport in Ternary Membranes
Unsteady Mass Transport in Binary Membranes
Phase Inversion Process for Forming Asymmetric Membranes
Pressure Effects in Membranes

Analysis of Sorption and Desorption
Derivation of a Short-Time Solution Form for Sorption in Thin Films
Sorption to a Film from a Pure Fluid of Finite Volume
A General Analysis of Sorption in Thin Films
Analysis of Step-Change Sorption Experiments
Integral Sorption in Glassy Polymers
Integral Sorption in Rubbery Polymers
Oscillatory Diffusion and Diffusion Waves

Dispersion and Chromatography
Formulation of Taylor Dispersion Problem
Dispersion in Laminar Tube Flow for Low Peclet Numbers
Dispersion in Laminar Tube Flow for Long Times
Dispersion in Laminar Tube Flow for Short Times
Analysis of an Inverse Gas Chromatography Experiment

Effects of Pressure Gradients on Diffusion: Wave Behavior and Sedimentation
Wave Propagation in Binary Fluid Mixtures
Hyperbolic Waves
Dispersive Waves
Time Effects for Parabolic and Hyperbolic Equations
Sedimentation Equilibrium

Viscoelastic Diffusion
Experimental Results for Sorption Experiments
Viscoelastic Effects in Step-Change Sorption Experiments
Slow Bubble Dissolution in a Viscoelastic Fluid

Transport with Moving Reference Frames
Relationships Between Fixed and Moving Reference Frames
Field Equations in Moving Reference Frames
Steady Diffusion in an Ultracentrifuge
Material Time Derivative Operators
Frame Indifference of Material Time Derivatives
Frame Indifference of Velocity Gradient Tensor
Rheological Implications

Appendix: Vector and Tensor Notation
General Notation Conventions
Vectors
Tensors
Results for Curvilinear Coordinates
Material and Spatial Representations
Reynolds’ Transport Theorem

 

Engineering Maintenance Improving Plant Safety- Volume 2

For operators and facility managers in the chemical process industries (CPI), proper maintenance goes hand in hand with plant and process safety.

This Chemical Engineering Guidebook includes a collection of tutorial-style engineering articles. They provide tips, recommendations and best practices to help CPI facilities undertake maintenance-related activities, with a special eye toward improving plant safety for workers and the surrounding community.

Topics focus on reducing corrosion and managing specific equipment components properly to reduce leakage and emissions. This is also concentration on maintenance strategies for burners and other equipment systems that have potential risk of temperature excursions, fire and explosion.

Provided is explicitly on strategies for reducing the risk of dust explosions during the handling of powders and other bulk solids, proper maintenance of pipelines carrying gases and gas-detection systems, and reducing the risk of leakage.

Delivered in a PDF, 160 pages. Articles include:

Preventing Flow Stoppages in Powder Handling Processes

Predicting powder flow behavior is important to successful solids-handling processes. Provided here is a review of shearcell testing and how the technique can be used to predict arching, ratholing and other behaviors

Corrosion Complications

A Checklist for Safer Chemical Batch Reaction

A good understanding of the reaction chemistry is needed for a safe process design

Integrity of Aging Assets: Using Corrosion Data to Stave Off Extinction

Petroleum refineries built in the 1960s and 1970s have trouble dealing with the corrosive effects of modern feedstocks.

Continuous monitoring of corrosion can prevent process equipment failures

Particle Impact Problems in Pneumatic Conveying

Pneumatically conveyed solid materials inevitably impact pipe walls and other particles, which can create processing and equipment problems. Provided here is an outline of potential problems related to particle impacts and the physics behind them

Gas Detection

Achieving Excellence in Energy Efficiency

Effective energy-management programs provide motivation for behavioral, technical and business changes that improve efficiency

Disaster Preparedness at Manufacturing Facilities

Development of robust preparation and response procedures can help chemical plants to weather disaster events and return to normal operations in a safe and efficient manner

Energy Recovery in Compressed Air Systems

Users of compressed air can take advantage of heat recovery to enhance their sustainability, improve energy efficiency and reduce system lifecycle costs

Recommended Fluid Velocities in Pipelines

The recommended velocities for fluids’ transportation must be updated periodically to obtain the optimum value of the pipe diameter in the current economic conditions

Single-Use Gloves: Problems and Solutions

When wearing single-use protective gloves, sweat can create health and safety issues. Presented here is a look at the causes of the problems and possible solutions

Remote Thermal Sensing

By making it easy to detect heat anomalies, thermal cameras and infrared thermometers support preventive and predictive maintenance

Process Hazards Analysis Methods

Pressure Measurement for Real Gases

Dust Control in the Chemical Processing Industries

The prevention of dust hazards in the CPI is integral to process-safety management — wide-reaching mitigation schemes must be implemented

Avoid Safety Pitfalls During Plant Expansion and Modification

Follow this guidance to minimize risk when adding or modifying plant equipment

Alarm Management

Implementing a Corrosion-Under-Insulation Program

CPI facilities need to put in place a systematic program for preventing and mitigating corrosion under insulation

Industrial Combustion Products

Pressure-Relief System Design: Developments and Deficiencies

Areas of recent activity for pressure-relief systems include new calculation methods and updates to existing codes and standards. Included here is an overview of recent developments and a look at the results from a recent study of pressure-relief system deficiencies and solutions

A Method for Quantifying Pipe Vibrations

A technique to quantify vibration forces can help prevent pipe failures due to vibration-induced fatigue

Piping-System Leak Detection and Monitoring for the CPI

Eliminating the potential for leaks is an integral part of the design process that takes place at the very onset of facility design

Burner Inspection and Maintenance

Burners and their components can be quite complex. Establishing maintenance and inspection best practices encourages long-term operational reliability

Dust Management in Bulk-Material-Handling Operations

Dust management can be divided into three main categories: prevention, containment and suppression. Understanding the key considerations for each can help bulk solids handlers arrive at an optimal dust control solution

Resistance Temperature Detectors

Wireless Monitoring for Pressure Relief Systems

New diagnostic devices can identify when pressure incidents happen, while keeping an eye on the condition of pressure relief valves and rupture disks

How to Troubleshoot and Maintain Pressure Regulators

Following a five-step process enables better outcomes for fluid system control

Combustible Dust Fires and Explosions: Recent Data and Lessons Learned

A review of recent data from the Combustible Dust Incident. Database provides insights into dust-related process safety

Minimizing Leakage on Heat- Exchanger Girth Flanges

Thermal distortion in heat-exchanger internal components can lead to leakage, but several design measures can be taken to mitigate these concerns

Cybersecurity: Building Resilience from the Inside Out

Cybersecurity is no longer a far-fetched concept relegated to science fiction or conspiracy theories. It is a major and growing global risk across all industry sectors

Improve Energy Management to Reduce Your Facility’s Carbon Footprint

This article describes an approach that uses data analytics for finding and addressing root causes of process deviations that reduce energy efficiency in key plant utility systems, and shares three case examples

Reduce Risk and Cost with a Lifecycle Approach to Process Safety

Better upfront planning and management can lead to safer, more productive processes throughout every phase of operation

Microbial Control in Cooling Water

Three chlorine-based strategies for controlling microbial load in industrial cooling water are evaluated here

Gas Detection as a Risk Mitigation Technique

There are many differences between gas detection systems used for process monitoring and those used for protecting the safety of personnel

An Overview of Gas Flow Measurement

Many applications require accurate flowrate measurement for air or other gases. Installation requirements, calibration and maintenance are among the factors that must be considered when selecting a flow-measurement technology

Improve Rotary Equipment Reliability with Checklists

Design selection and commissioning of rotary equipment can benefit by following a structured, checklist-based method and by promoting enduser involvement

Wastewater Treatment- Treating Inlet Water for Use in the Process Plant: Volume One

Chemical engineers are routinely tasked with purifying inlet water to suitable purity levels for use throughout the chemical process plant, and treating industrial wastewater to make it suitable for either reuse in the plant or discharge in accordance with all regulatory requirements and sound environmental practices.
This Chemical Engineering Guidebook contains a collection of practical, tutorial-style articles aimed at professionals involved in purifying inlet water. This collection of engineering articles covers several leading types of equipment that are routinely used to remove particulate matter from water. Covered are the selection, operation and troubleshooting tips for filters, filtration systems and sludge processing.
Focus is on biological treatment routes, providing technical recommendations for selecting and optimizing the microorganisms needed to degrade organic contaminants and other chemical pollutants, and engineering recommendations for maintaining and troubleshooting activated-sludge systems.
Several articles focus on proper boiler operation and the design of condensate-return systems that are used to produce steam, and provide guidance on pumps, valves and piping, all of which are ubiquitous in any water- or wastewater-treatment system design.
As an added resource, this collection of articles includes practical guidance on project management and cost estimating during capital projects.
Delivered in a PDF format, 150 pages.
Table of Contents:
CPI Water and Steam Chemistry• Careful control of water and steam chemistry at CPI facilities can pay off handsomely in reliable operation
Biodegradation and Testing of Scale Inhibitors• Progress is being made toward better performing and more biodegradable scale inhibitors for water treatment
Modern Concepts in Makeup Water Treatment• Technologies offer new alternatives for water treatment
Condition Monitoring Methods for Pumps• Applying condition monitoring tests to pumps can save costs by optimizing overhaul scheduling
Non-chemical Water Treatment
Filtration Testing and Slurry Conditioning
A Primer on Reverse Osmosis Technology• Desalination by reverse osmosis is a key technology for a water-constrained world. Discussed here is its use in industrial water treatment and drinking-water production
Modern Water-Treatment Challenges• LNG and other facilities that are expanding due to the shalegas boom face specific challenges when it comes to ensuring the purity of the inlet and outlet water
Chemical Process Plants: Plan for Revamps• Follow this guidance to make the most of engineering upgrades that are designed to improve plant operations or boost throughput capacity
Water Treatment Technologies• Filtration and Separation During Chemical Process
Operations: Avoid Common Errors• The seven commonly made mistakes discussed here often lead to poor filtration and separation performance and many associated problems
Valve-Selection Best Practices• Precise combinations of valves and other equipment lead to process success. A biopolymer fermentation process provides an example of proper valve selection
The Impact of Off-BEP Pump Operation
Mitigate Corrosion in Condensate-Return Systems• Understanding the chemistry behind corrosion in condensatereturn systems can aid in selecting and properly employing the best mitigation technique
Engineering for Plant Safety• Early process-hazards analyses can lead to potential cost savings in project and plant operations
An Overview of Filtration• Understanding how different filtration methods work leads to a more informed decision when selecting a filtration system
Industrial Adsorbents
Calculate NPSH with Confidence• Determining net positive suction head (NPSH) can be confusing, but with these guidelines, engineers can avoid the pitfalls of incorrect calculations
Superheater Problems in Steam Generators• Knowing the features of a good boiler will prevent problems associated with a poor design• Beyond Gravity: Centrifugal Separations in CPI
Operations• Follow these recommendations to select the right centrifuge for your application
pH Measurement in Industrial Waters
An Up-Close Look at Electropositive Filtration• Electropositive filters take advantage of surface-charge effects to filter nanometer-sized particles. Provided here is an overview of how they work and where they can be used
Activated Carbon: Fundamentals and New Applications• Activated carbon sorbents are important tools in water purification and air-pollution control. This article provides information on the fundamentals of this diverse sorbent and on new applications for which it is being employed• Proper Sizing and Installation for Steam System Safety
Valves• Successful operation of safety valves in steam systems requires careful adherence to established industry standards for installation and design
Storage Tanks: Heating and Cooling System Design• Various heating or cooling options are described here, along with the factors and design parameters that need to be considered. A sample calculation regarding coils is included
Steam Concepts
Crossflow Membrane Filtration Essentials• Several aspects of crossflow membrane filtration , including process design, equipment selection and control, are detailed here